Preliminary structure-activity relationship studies on some novel s-substituted aliphatic analogues of 5-{1-[(4- chlorophenyl) sulfonyl]-3-piperidinyl}-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl sulfide

Purpose: To study the structure-activity relationships of synthetic multifunctional sulfides through evaluation of lipoxygenase and anti-bacterial activities.Methods: S-substituted derivatives of the parent compound 5-(1-(4- chlorophenylsulfonyl) piperidin-3- yl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-2-thiol were synthesized through reaction with different saturated and unsaturated alkyl halides in DMF medium, with NaH catalyst. Spectral characterization of each derivative was carried out with respect to IR, 1H - NMR, 13C - NMR and EI - MS. The lipoxygenase inhibitory and antibacterial activities of the derivatives were determined using standard procedures.Results: Compound 5e exhibited higher lipoxygenase inhibitory potential than the standard (Baicalein®), with % inhibition of 94.71 ± 0.45 and IC50 of 20.72 ± 0.34 μmoles/L. Compound 5b showed significant antibacterial potential against all the bacterial strains with % inhibition ranging from 62.04 ± 2.78, 69.49 ± 0.41, 63.38 ± 1.97 and 59.70 ± 3.70 to 78.32 ± 0.41, while MIC ranged from 8.18 ± 2.00, 10.60 ± 1.83, 10.84 ± 3.00, 9.81 ± 1.86 and 11.73 ± 5.00 μmoles/L for S. typhi, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and S. aureus, respectively. Compounds 5d, 5e and 5g showed good antibacterial activity against S. typhi and B. subtilis bacterial strains.Conclusion: The results suggest that compound 5e bearing n-pentyl group is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor, while compound 5b with n-propyl substitution is a strong antibacterial agent. In addition, compounds 5d, 5e and 5g bearing n-butyl, n-pentyl and n-octyl groups, respectively, are good antibacterial agents against S. typhi and B. subtilis.Keywords: Sulfides, Antibacterial activity, Lipoxygenase activity, Spectral analysi

Augmenting the Robustness and Efficiency of Violence Detection Systems for Surveillance and Non-Surveillance Scenarios

Violence detection holds immense significance in ensuring public safety, security, and law enforcement in various domains. With the increasing availability of video data from surveillance cameras and social media platforms, the need for accurate and efficient violence detection algorithms has become paramount. Automated violence detection systems can aid law enforcement agencies in identifying and responding to violent incidents promptly, thereby preventing potential threats and ensuring public protection. This research focuses on violence detection in large video databases, proposing two keyframe-based models named DeepkeyFrm and AreaDiffKey. The keyframes selection process is critical in violence detection systems, as it reduces computational complexity and enhances accuracy. EvoKeyNet and KFCRNet are the proposed classification models that leverage feature extraction from optimal keyframes. EvoKeyNet utilizes an evolutionary algorithm to select optimal feature attributes, while KFCRNet employs an ensemble of LSTM, Bi-LSTM, and GRU models with a voting scheme. Our key contributions include the development of efficient keyframes selection methods and classification models, addressing the challenge of violence detection in dynamic surveillance scenarios. The proposed models outperform existing methods in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency, with accuracy results as follows: 98.98% (Hockey Fight), 99.29% (Violent Flow), 99% (RLVS), 91% (UCF-Crime), and 91% (ShanghaiTech). The ANOVA and Tukey tests were performed to validate the statistical significance of the differences among all models. The proposed approaches, supported by the statistical tests, pave the way for more effective violence detection systems, holding immense promise for a safer and secure future. As violence detection technology continues to evolve, our research stands as a crucial stepping stone towards achieving improved public safety and security in the face of dynamic challenges

Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

SummaryBackground Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatoryactions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.Methods In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospitalwith COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients wererandomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once perday by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatmentgroups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment andwere twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants andlocal study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to theoutcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treatpopulation. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936.Findings Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) wereeligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomlyallocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall,561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days(rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87–1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days(rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98–1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, nosignificant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilationor death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87–1·03; p=0·24).Interpretation In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or otherprespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restrictedto patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication

Reliable Path Selection Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol for Vehicular Adhoc Networks

Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) have earned a gigantic consideration in the recent era. Wide deployment of VANETs for enhancing traffic safety, traffic management, and assisting drivers through elegant transportation system is facing several research challenges that need to be addressed. One of the crucial issues comprise of the design of scalable routing algorithms that are robust to rapid topology changes and frequent link disconnections caused by high mobility of vehicles. The objective of this research is to develop an optimal and reliable multi-hop routing approach for accomplishing effective vehicular communication in VANETs. First of all, a detailed technical analysis, comparison, and drawbacks of the existing state of the art routing protocols are given. Then, a novel routing scheme called a Reliable Path Selection Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol (RPSPF) is proposed. The novelty of the proposed protocol comes from the fact that firstly it establishes an optimal route for vehicles to send packets towards their respective destinations by considering connectivity and shortest optimal distance based on multiple intersections. Secondly, it uses a novel reliable packet forwarding technique in-between intersections that avoids packet loss while forwarding packet due to occurrence of sudden link ruptures. The performance of the protocol is assessed through GloMoSim and VanetMobiSim simulators. According to the simulation analysis, RPSPF protocol exhibits higher packet delivery ratio by 40%, 30%, 25% and 18%. It also experiences much lower end to end delay by 50%, 40%, 25% and 20% as compared to the state of the art routing protocols like Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), Directional Greedy Source Routing (DGSR), Enhanced Greedy Traffic Aware Routing Directional (E-GyTARD), and Traffic Flow Oriented Routing (TFOR) respectively. It also experiences very lower routing overhead as compared to aforementioned protocols. The proposed routing protocol has significantly enhanced network performance by incorporating the routing challenges in effective manners. The scheme is envisaged to function well for various kinds of vehicular communication applications by assuring user connectivity. These applications consist of road safety services such as coordinated communication of two vehicles, managing flows of traffic, triggering driving related alerts such as traffic congestion alerts, road situation alerts, and accident warnings. Other applications include finding locations of petrol stations and restaurants, accessing internet, downloading music, and playing games

A review of vehicle to vehicle communication protocols for VANETs in the urban environment

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have been gaining significant attention from the research community due to their increasing importance for building an intelligent transportation system. The characteristics of VANETs, such as high mobility, network partitioning, intermittent connectivity and obstacles in city environments, make routing a challenging task. Due to these characteristics of VANETs, the performance of a routing protocol is degraded. The position-based routing is considered to be the most significant approach in VANETs. In this paper, we present a brief review of most significant position based unicast routing protocols designed for vehicle to vehicle communications in the urban environment. We provide them with their working features for exchanging information between vehicular nodes. We describe their pros and cons. This study also provides a comparison of the vehicle to vehicle communication based routing protocols. The comparative study is based on some significant factors such as mobility, traffic density, forwarding techniques and method of junction selection mechanism, and strategy used to handle a local optimum situation. It also provides the simulation based study of existing dynamic junction selection routing protocols and a static junction selection routing protocol. It provides a profound insight into the routing techniques suggested in this area and the most valuable solutions to advance VANETs. More importantly, it can be used as a source of references to other researchers in finding literature that is relevant to routing in VANETs. © 2018 by the author

A Review of Vehicle to Vehicle Communication Protocols for VANETs in the Urban Environment

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have been gaining significant attention from the research community due to their increasing importance for building an intelligent transportation system. The characteristics of VANETs, such as high mobility, network partitioning, intermittent connectivity and obstacles in city environments, make routing a challenging task. Due to these characteristics of VANETs, the performance of a routing protocol is degraded. The position-based routing is considered to be the most significant approach in VANETs. In this paper, we present a brief review of most significant position based unicast routing protocols designed for vehicle to vehicle communications in the urban environment. We provide them with their working features for exchanging information between vehicular nodes. We describe their pros and cons. This study also provides a comparison of the vehicle to vehicle communication based routing protocols. The comparative study is based on some significant factors such as mobility, traffic density, forwarding techniques and method of junction selection mechanism, and strategy used to handle a local optimum situation. It also provides the simulation based study of existing dynamic junction selection routing protocols and a static junction selection routing protocol. It provides a profound insight into the routing techniques suggested in this area and the most valuable solutions to advance VANETs. More importantly, it can be used as a source of references to other researchers in finding literature that is relevant to routing in VANETs

A Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Abstract Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have earned a gigantic consideration in the recent era. Wide deployment of VANETs for enhancing traffic safety, traffic management, and assisting drivers through elegant transportation system is facing several research challenges that need to be addressed. One of the crucial issues consists of the design of scalable routing algorithms that are robust to rapid topology changes and frequent link disconnections caused by the high mobility of vehicles. In this article, first of all, we give a detailed technical analysis, comparison, and drawbacks of the existing state-of-the-art routing protocols. Then, we propose a novel routing scheme called a Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol (RPSPF). The novelty of our protocol comes from the fact that firstly it establishes an optimal route for vehicles to send packets towards their respective destinations by considering connectivity and the shortest optimal distance based on multiple intersections. Secondly, it uses a novel reliable packet forwarding technique in-between intersections that avoids packet loss while forwarding packet due to the occurrence of sudden link ruptures. The performance of the protocol is assessed through computer simulations. Simulation outcomes specify the gains of the proposed routing scheme as compared to the earlier significant protocols like GSR (Geographic Source Routing), GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing), E-GyTAR (Enhanced Greedy Traffic Aware Routing), and TFOR (Traffic Flow-Oriented Routing) in terms of routing metrics such as delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead

Dynamic Multiple Junction Selection Based Routing Protocol for VANETs in City Environment

VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is an emerging offshoot of MANETs (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks) with highly mobile nodes. It is envisioned to play a vital role in providing safety communications and commercial applications to the on-road public. Establishing an optimal route for vehicles to send packets to their respective destinations in VANETs is challenging because of quick speed of vehicles, dynamic nature of the network, and intermittent connectivity among nodes. This paper presents a novel position based routing technique called Dynamic Multiple Junction Selection based Routing (DMJSR) for the city environment. The novelty of DMJSR as compared to existing approaches comes from its novel dynamic multiple junction selection mechanism and an improved greedy forwarding mechanism based on one-hop neighbors between the junctions. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first ever attempt to study the impact of multiple junction selection mechanism on routing in VANETs. We present a detailed depiction of our protocol and the improvements it brings as compared to existing routing strategies. The simulation study exhibits that our proposed protocol outperforms the existing protocols like Geographic Source Routing Protocol (GSR), Enhanced Greedy Traffic Aware Routing Protocol (E-GyTAR) and Traffic Flow Oriented Routing Protocol (TFOR) in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead